The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to be a serious public health threat. As of this writing in February 2022, more than 400,000,000 people worldwide have been infected by SARS-CoV-2, and over 6,000,000 have died. SARS-CoV-2 is highly infectious and can lead to multiple-organ failure, mainly triggered by respiratory failure. The most severe cases of COVID- 19 often involve a cytokine storm, which is an important factor in multiple-organ failure.
　　This report gives an overview of the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the pathological characteristics and the pathophysiological mechanism of COVID-19 related cytokine storms. The current understanding of COVID-19 treatment is also discussed. Understanding the mechanism of a cytokine storm and the available treatment options is essential to reduce mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients.

　　Various factors affect the overall condition of the body, and inappropriate lifestyle habits can lead to a series of abnormalities in various organs that can eventually lead to the development of lifestyle-related diseases. General practitioners need to intervene in inappropriate lifestyles to appropriately treat such diseases. One of the inappropriate lifestyle habits that should be considered is excessive drinking, which has been linked to various health conditions. Previous basic and epidemiological studies have shown that inappropriate drinking habits increase the incidence of five major diseases, with musculoskeletal diseases especially affected:cancer (e.g. colon, esophageal, laryngeal, and breast cancer), neurodegenerative diseases (dementia), diabetes, atherosclerotic diseases (coronary artery disease and stroke), and osteoporosis, the latter of which is the most common cause of a need for nursing care. Social losses due to alcohol consumption are estimated to be four trillion yen per year, and confronting drinking-related conditions has become an urgent issue. During the process of diagnosis, it is important for the primary care physician to thoroughly interview the patient about alcohol use, consider the possible relation of alcohol to the disease, and provide guidance on sobriety and abstinence as needed. Diagnosis, treatment, and lifestyle guidance for alcohol-related disorders by the primary care physician can reduce social losses.